Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are enzymes produced by bacteria, which make some antibiotics ineffective against various types of bacteria. These bacteria are usually resistant to commonly used antibiotics such as penicillin and cephalosporin. They cause very severe infections, and the ESBL-producing bacteria have been increasingly recognized globally due to their high prevalence and the challenges to treatment.

Symptoms

The symptoms of an ESBL infection vary depending on the bacteria type and its location. Common symptoms that have been encountered include the following:

• Fever
• Chills
• Shortness of breath
• Painful or burning urination
• Abdominal cramps
• Diarrhea
• Skin infections with redness, swelling, and pus

Transmission of ESBL

ESBL-producing bacteria may spread via:

• Direct contact: Person-to-person transmission, particularly in hospitals.
• Indirect contact: It occurs due to contact with contaminated surfaces or objects.
• Contaminated food or water: ESBL infection may result from the ingestion of food or water contaminated with these bacteria.
• Healthcare-associated infections: This kind of infection may then develop in a hospital or other healthcare facility.

Treatment Options for ESBL 

Majority of the antibiotics are often useless in treating ESBL infection. Commonly used are;

• Carbapenems: Most of the time, it is the first approach against ESBL infection.
• Other antibiotics: Fosfomycin or aminoglycosides may be indicated in certain bacteria and more serious infections.
• Combination therapy: Sometimes a combination of antibiotics may prove useful.
• Supportive care: This would include symptomatic management and prevention of complications.

Prevention

• Proper hand hygiene: Washing hands regularly with soap and clean water or washing with alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
• Safe food handling: Following proper guidelines on food preparation and storage.
• Antibiotic usage: Using antibiotics only when necessary and completing the full prescribed course.
• Infection controlling: Strict measures of infection control should be taken

FAQ

-Are ESBL infections contagious?

Yes, ESBL-producing bacteria spread from person to person.

-What are the risk factors for ESBL infections?

Among the risk factors are recent antibiotic use, hospitalization, and weakened immune system.

-Can ESBL infections be fatal?

Yes. More serious ESBL infections can even be life-threatening.

-How long does it take to recover from an ESBL infection?

The time to recover from an ESBL infection will be based both on the seriousness of the infection and the treatment received.

-Can ESBL infections be prevented with vaccines?

No vaccines are available to prevent ESBL infections at the moment.

-Are ESBL infections on the rise?

Yes, the prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria is rising worldwide.

-What is the difference between ESBL and carbapenem-resistant bacteria?

The carbapenem-resistant bacteria are resistant to carbapenem antibiotics, which often are used to treat ESBL infections.

-Can ESBL bacteria live on surfaces?

Yes, ESBL-producing bacteria can survive on surfaces for variable periods.

-Are new treatments being developed against infections with ESBL?

New antibiotics and novel treatment options against ESBL infections are currently under development.

-How can I protect myself from ESBL infections?

Good hygiene, attention to food safety, and not using antibiotics unless necessary can prevent infection.